Saturday, May 23, 2020

A Deduction Essay - 3702 Words

A Deduction Kants subjective A deduction is not a deduction in the traditional philosophical sense. Rather, it is a justification in the sense of the language of legal practice. (1) What Kant wants to justify is that the categories are the necessary a priori conditions for the possibility of experiential objects. This justification also has another role in Kants overall project. If he can prove the categories are the necessary a priori grounds for the possibility of experiential objects, then he can justify the use of philosophical synthetic a priori propositions. The preservation of such propositions is central to Kants task in the Critique of Pure Reason. In order to determine whether Kants justification is adequate, we will†¦show more content†¦(2) The first synthesis of apprehension in intuition is a synthesis of sensibility, and as such captures the dual empirical/a priori nature of the syntheses quite well. Apprehension consists in picking out specific items from the successive stream of intuitional content (empirical) in the representational manifold of inner sense, organizing these items via the pure forms of intuition (a priori). The synthesis of empirical intuitional content into apprehended items must be a priori, since space and time are a priori and are the forms by which intuitional content is apprehended. Furthermore, these intuitions manifest themselves to us in the representational manifold of inner sense, whose successive stream is already a priori ordered by time. As Kant says: Wherever our representations my arise, whether through the influence of external things or as the effect of inner causes, whether they have originated a priori or empirically asShow MoreRelatedTax Credits Are Better Than Deductions1174 Wo rds   |  5 PagesTax Credits Tax credits are better than deductions because they reduce your taxes dollar for dollar. For example, federal and state governments offer many credits for research and development, reducing energy usage, creating jobs and accommodating people with disabilities. We ll explore the topic further in the Special Business Deductions. In bad years, especially when you start a business and claim extra deductions, you might lower your taxes enough to qualify for the Earned Income Tax CreditRead MoreWhat Is The Mortgage Interest Deduction?2314 Words   |  10 PagesWhat is the Mortgage Interest Deduction? If you are a homeowner, you more than likely qualify to reduce your taxable income by the amount of interest that has been paid on your home loan. This tax deduction can be applied to interest paid on a condominium, cooperative, mobile home, or a boater recreational vehicle, as long as it was used in a residence (Home). The mortgage interest deduction (MID) is the largest personal tax deduction currently on the books and is also considered the most beneficialRead MoreThe Issue Of Beps Involving Interest Deductions And Other Financial Payments1510 Words   |  7 PagesCountries have adopted a variety of approaches to address the issue of BEPS involving interest deductions and other financial payments. Some have implemented thin capitalisation legislation, which in this paper refers broadly to the rules limiting the deductibility of interest expenses and other financial payments with respect to the financial arrangements of MNEs (I). Some countries instead rely on, or have supplem ented their thin capitalisation legislation with, other general tax law mechanismsRead MoreDeduction4674 Words   |  19 PagesLESSON 12 DEDUCTIONS Dr Vandana Bansal STRUCTURE 12.0 Objectives 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Deductions from gross total income 12.3 Basic rules governing deductions under sections 80C to 80U 12.4 Deductions 12.5 Deductions to encourage savings 12.5.1 Deduction in respect of life insurance premium, etc.80C 12.5.2 Deduction in respect of pension fund 80CCC 12.5.3 Deduction in respect of contribution to pension scheme of central government 80CCD 12.6 Deductions for certain personal expenditure 12.6Read MoreRental/Vacation Home Case Essay1340 Words   |  6 Pageswhether or not Rex and Agnes Harrell should be able to make deductions in excess of rental income on their beach house. This deduction depends on if the 14-day personal use provision was exceeded. If the 14-day provision was exceeded than income should be limited to rental income as the ISR decided in this case. However, we have determined that the Harrell’s have not violated the 14-day provision and should therefore be allowed deductions for rental expenses exceeding rent al income. Facts: †¢Read MoreDP Plans for City Level Infrastructure Facilities904 Words   |  4 Pages 132 ft ring road it is found that through TPS mechanism large amount of land can be generated for providing infrastructure which can serve city level facility. At places where such facilities are already available, the land made available from deductions has also been used for generating revenue. In case study of GUDA TPS-19 large scale city level institutional area could be carved out due to larger amount of government land in the particular TPS. At present time when the delineations are doneRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Scarlet And A Study 2330 Words   |  10 Pagesword â€Å"Rache† and no one would understand what that meant. It was Sherlock Holmes who deduced the meaning of the word and that it did not mean the name of the unborn Jennifer’s child Rachel but probably the password to her mobile phone. It was that deduction that led Sherlock Holmes to make a confrontation with a man who was terminally ill and a serial killer in that case. This man used to slay people and Sherlock thought him as the first suspect. Sherlock’s way of approaching the situation was differentRead MoreItemized Deductions3463 Words   |  14 PagesItemized Tax Deductions for Individuals: Data Analysis Sean Lowry Analyst in Public Finance February 12, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43012 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Itemized Tax Deductions for Individuals: Data Analysis Summary Reforming or limiting itemized tax deductions for individuals has gained the interest of policymakers as one way to increase federal tax revenue, increase the share of taxes paid by higher-incomeRead MoreDeductions: General Concepts and Trade or Business Deductions2298 Words   |  10 PagesChapter 6 _____Deductions: General Concepts and Trade or Business Deductions SUMMARY OF CHAPTER Tax deductions are allowed to taxpayers only if specifically authorized by the Internal Revenue Code. Deductions allowable to individual taxpayers fall into three categories: trade or business deductions, production of income deductions, and personal deductions. This chapter is also concerned with business deductions as they appear on a sole proprietor s Schedule C, which is included as part of theRead MoreThe Tax Deduction For Charitable1485 Words   |  6 PagesThe federal charitable giving tax deduction was adopted in 1917 with the goal of off setting war time tax burdens. However, now that the policy has been in effect for about one hundred years, it is possible to look at weather these benefits and goals have been achieved. Does the tax deduction actually stimulate charitable contribution and do the drawbacks outweigh the benefits? The purpose of this paper is to refute the argument that tax breaks increase the incentive for donating and to argue

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Rational Choice Theory Criminology - 901 Words

Choice theory was born out of the perspective of crime causation which states that criminality is the result of conscious choice. This theory is also known as the rational choice theory. According to this theory, the choice whether or not to commit a criminal act is the result of a rational thought process that weighs the risks of paying the costs of committing a crime, against the benefits obtained. In other words, if the benefits--monetary or otherwise--outweigh the risks of sustaining the costs, such as fines, imprisonment or execution, then according to this theory the individual would be inclined to commit the crime, all other things being equal. In this calculus, the benefits are known. For example, â€Å"this diamond that I want to†¦show more content†¦These biologically pseudoscientific theories later played a role in German Nazi classification of racial, intelligence and behavioral typing as well. Again, the idea of individual rational choice as an element of criminal behavior was downplayed. Slightly less contrasting to the rational choice theory is the Psychobiological theory of human behavior. Originating with human genetic research in the 1960s, this theory stood for the proposition that the chemical makeup of a person—whether a result of naturally occurring DNA, genetic mutation caused by environmental contaminants, chemical changes through the addition or retraction of key nutrients, or chemical reactions to physical trauma—all contributed to the way the individual formulated thoughts, feeling and positive or criminal behavior. Here, the idea of the individual making rational â€Å"cost/benefit† choices was not discounted; rather, the thought process was considered as being influenced heavily by chemical and biological factors. If an individual’s chemical makeup were â€Å"out of balance†, that condition was deemed to cause undesirable or socially deviant behavior, contributing to criminal thou ght and action. Similar to the Psychobiological school of thought is the Psychological school of criminal causation. Two main undercurrents to this theory were biological causation and environmental causation, which were consideredShow MoreRelatedThe Rational Choice Theory Of Criminology1106 Words   |  5 Pages The Rational Choice Theory April Smolkowicz Criminology 3200 Georgia Gwinnett College The Classical School of Criminology was developed by two utilitarian philosophers, Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham during the early 17th century. The Classical School of Criminology is an important theory in the framework of criminal behavior, with principle themes that include: criminal acts are of individuals free will and rational deliberation, calculating, and hedonistic beings. CriminalsRead MoreRational Choice Theory Criminology1151 Words   |  5 PagesIn Criminology, Prof. Boldt has either talked about or brought up a few dozen theories in just a few weeks. However one theory seems to show up more than the others, and is the more dominant explanation in describing criminal behavior. This concept is referred to as Rational Choice Theory. Over time theories have been produced to explain and help understand what leads to criminal behavior. The reason why people have studied these theories so closely is because of the helpful nature it provides toRead MoreCriminology Rational Choice Theory1683 Words   |  7 PagesName Instructor Course Date Essay Questions Question 1 At the core of criminology, there is a belief that a criminal decides to commit a crime after weighing the benefits and disadvantages of engaging. In such a case, the decision to commit the crime is a rational one, and the best way to counter it is through a deterrence-based system. The rational choice theory assumes that humans are self-centered and the actions they undertake determine the consequences they incur. The position of rationalityRead MoreRational Choice Theory Criminology1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe Classical School of Criminology, established by Cesare Beccaria, promotes the use of reason as the basis of legal authority and is based on the assumption that individuals weigh the consequences of their acts before committing a crime. It was based was based on assumptions that Individuals can â€Å"choose legal or illegal means to get what they want, fear of punishment can deter them from committing crime, and society can control behavior by making the pain of punishment greater than the pleasureRead MoreRational Choice Theory: Merits and Limitations1195 Words   |  5 Pagesinsight into Rational Choice Theory. This theory, highly relied upon by many disciplines, is also used to calculate and determine crime and criminal behavior. Through definition, example and techniques utilized by criminologists, the reader will have a better understanding of the subject. By definition, criminology is the study of crime, criminal behavior and how it pertains to the law. Criminology is considered a scientific technique. Therefore, those who study and carry out its theories are consideredRead MoreRational Decision Making And Its Effect On Crime Causation Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pages Rational Decision Making and its Effect on Crime Causation Most, if not all Americans, are familiar with the story of Batman and his alter ego Bruce Wayne. As a small child Bruce s parents were brutally gunned down in front of him prompting him to don the cape and mask to rid Gotham city of injustice. In the 2005 movie adaptation starring Christian Bale, Batman is asked why he so selflessly protects the city. He replies, â€Å"It s not who I am underneath, but what I do that defines me.† I believeRead MoreThe Theories Of Criminology And The Riots930 Words   |  4 PagesEvery crime has a correlation with a theory in criminology. These theories explain why crime happens and some even go to the extent to come up with a solution to prevent or stop crime. This paper will explore how certain theories of criminology connect with the riots that happened in Ferguson, Missouri. Facts from different articles will be used to back up the theory. The theories will explain why rioters committed the crimes did. The paper will take the actions of t he protestors and explain whyRead MoreRational Choice Theory Of Criminal Behavior Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagescase the choices that criminals make brings them pleasure and adrenaline. Criminal choices can be controlled by fear of punishment, but not all the time. The crime will be limited when the benefits are reduced and the costs increase. Rational choice theory is a perspective that holds criminality in the result of conscious choice. Not to mention, that it is predicted that individuals choose to commit crime when the benefits outweigh the costs of disobeying the law. In the rational choice theory, individualsRead MoreThe Rational Choice Theory1728 Words   |  7 PagesLa’Shante Samuels Kaplan University, CJ102 Criminology Unit Five Midterm Project The Rational Choice theory approach has been used by social and political scientists to put some type of meaning of why humans behave in a certain way. In recent years, rational choice theory has been widely used in other disciplines such as sociology, political science, and anthropology. It has gained influence in politics and sociology over the past thirty years. This choice theory stressed the role of knowledgeable selfRead MoreGeneral Theory Of Crime And Delinquency919 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral Theory of Crime and Delinquency Many theories exist including biological, psychological, and sociological theories that have been proposed by many criminologists in the criminal justice field and have been closely studied by people (Agnew, Cullen, Wilcox, 2004). Most theories are proposed at the micro level meaning it tries to explain the criminal behavior of individuals and some are proposed at the macro level which tries to explain the crime rates in social groups, meaning micro focuses

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Obesity America’s Modern Day Societal Crutch Free Essays

Obesity: America’s Modern Day Societal Crutch Matthew Murphy Abstract Today’s society has been faced with the never ending problem of obesity. Many would blame this problem of obesity in America to poor genetics, unhealthy eating habits, and even lack of physical fitness. After viewing this paper and reviewing these credible sources the reader will have a better understanding as to why individuals become obese. We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity: America’s Modern Day Societal Crutch or any similar topic only for you Order Now All sources in this paper have been written, reviewed, and critiqued by credible individuals. Obesity: America’s Modern Day Societal Crutch In today’s America we as citizens are faced with the ongoing crutch known as obesity. Obesity is defined as a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent of major health issues. I view obesity as a â€Å"crutch† because it is disease that will slow the American populous down. The topic on obesity has been debated over many years as to who would take the blame of America’s overweight problem and what that individual or group would do to prevent it. Many different state legislatures and school board committees have started to ban vending machines in school grounds. â€Å"Congress has considered a menu-labeling legislation that would force chain restaurants to list fat, sodium, and calories for each item† (Balko, 2004, p. 522). Many individuals like me believe that this is definitely the most improper approach to preventing the obesity epidemic that has plagued the United States over the last twenty years. It is not the United State government’s place to tell American citizens what they can or cannot consume. Obesity has become more and more of a problem because American citizens are executing poor dietary techniques. The next influential factor to obesity is the influence of our biological need and genetics. These factors play a large part in the obesity epidemic but the key factor to obesity is the fact that Americans are drastically decreasing their urges for physical fitness and health. Data has been collected from many different institutions and still the debate is on to see which group will inherit the blame of our nation’s obesity problems. Although many argue who is to blame for obesity, I believe that is in the hands of the individual and their poor diet techniques, biological factors, and their willingness to perform physical fitness. Dietary Techniques Obesity has become a crutch to the American way of life in the idea that we as individuals are not executing proper dietary techniques. The groups that are mainly targeted for obesity because of poor dieting techniques are low-income families throughout the United States. Obesity is on the rise in these families because more Americans are eating outside their homes at higher rates† (Bryan, 2006 p. 98). With the families going out to eat instead of staying home they are subject to a higher calorie intake than if they were to eat at home. The nutritional nature of fast food is unknown to many Americans because they have forfeited the need for knowledge on the matter. â€Å"Fast food restaurants and other fast food outlets are serving larger portions to consumersà ¢â‚¬  (Bryan, 2006, p. 98). This creates a dilemma for a person trying to stay within his/her healthy eating when a fast food business offers more food for cheaper than healthy food. In today’s society Americans are looking at the almighty dollar instead of their dietary needs. If it cost fifteen dollars to eat healthy food and it only cost six dollars for a value meal then 9 times out of 10 the consumer is going to choose the value meal over healthy food. I also believe that high advertisement of fast food and snack foods by large businesses influence the consumer to stray from their healthy diet. Many business have began to realize that American’s are becoming more and more aware of their dietary needs and are working to provide healthy foods at their restaurant chains. Biological Needs and Genetics The next factor we need to include in the reason of individuals ourselves being responsible for our obesity is biological needs and even our genetics. â€Å"Humans are hardwired, as a survival strategy, to like foods high in sugar, fat, and calories† (Brownell Nestle, 2006, p. 525). This may seem like it in not the individual’s problem and could be blamed on biology. This is an individual responsibility due to the fact that the human body can be controlled in a matter of survival. If one is desperate to survive and realizes that they are overweight they will cut back on excess calories. The closest example I have of survival is the urge to quit smoking because of all the scientific backing that states it can end your life. A responsible individual would quit smoking when he/she realizes they may die from the hazards. This survival response is the same with the obesity epidemic. Individuals are placed into danger when they become obese and face many different side effects. Some of these health hazards include an array of thirty different diseases. Although there are many individuals out there that are willing to help themselves get over this epidemic, many individuals are unable to overcome obesity due to their genetic make-up. Physical Fitness and Health There are many different contributing issues that play into the obesity epidemic but the key factor is the decline of physical fitness and overall health. Physical fitness has come to an all time low since the 1960’s and the evolution of the industrial age. Research data from the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics revealed that over the past 50 years the relationship between activity at work and obesity has grown closer together. â€Å"In 1960, nearly half the jobs in the private sector required at least moderate physical activity, but in 2010, less than 20% demanded this much physical work† (Harvard, 2012). With industrialization and technology on the rise many Americans are relying on technology to get them through their lives. Do not get me wrong, I believe that the use of technology makes this country an effective machine. The advances in technology has relieved stress off a man’s back and applied it to his stomach. The health hazards that follow obesity are not just a big belly but also high blood pressure, Type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, stroke, gallstones, gout, some cancers, bladder control issues, and psychological disorders (Bryan, 2006, p. 97). The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) reported an increase in the prevalence of obesity from 11. 1% in the 1970’s to 19. 3% in the early 2000’s† (Samper-Ternent Al Snih, 2011, p. 10-19). With the concern of citizens and their health on the rise I believe that the more information we get out to the people it will be beneficial to their survival. Discussion The epidemic that is obesity has become a modern day problem for America’s society. Some would even go as far to say that it could even be a crutch for he United States. â€Å"Increases in the prevalence of obesity have been observed in men and women, in all age groups, in all major ethnic groups, and at all educational levels† (Samper-Ternent Al Snih, 2011, p. 10). Individuals themselves could control and take responsibility for their overweight situation which would allow them to become more active and healthy. If obesity is caught early on the individual will be more likely to overcome this hardship they have entered. We as individuals need to maintain our body and live a long, healthy life. Just like Sir Isaac Newton stated, â€Å"A body in motion stays in motion†¦ and a body at rest tend to remain at rest. † References Balko, R. (2011). Obesity: Who Is Responsible for Our Weight. In S. Barnet H. Bedau (Authors), Current Issues and Enduring Questions (9th ed. , pp. 522-523). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s. Brownell, K. , ; Nestle, M. (2011). Are You Responsible for Your Own Weight? Con. In S. Barnet ; H. Bedau (Authors), Current Issues and Enduring Questions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (9th ed. , pp. 524-525). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s. Bryan, M. (2006). Obesity in America its Impact on Minorities, Women and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low-Income Groups. International Journal Of The Diversity, 6(3), 97-101. Harvard University. (2012). Obesity in America: What’s Driving the Epidemic? Harvard Men’s Health Watch, 5-7. Samper-Ternent, R. , Al Snih, S. (2012). Obesity in older adults: Epidemiology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and omplications for disability and disease. Reviews in Clinical   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gerontology, 22, 10-34. doi:10. 1017/S0959259811000190 How to cite Obesity: America’s Modern Day Societal Crutch, Essay examples

Friday, May 1, 2020

Stance Taken by The Speaker

Question: Write an essay onstance taken by the speaker with regards to immigration not being a solution to the problem of global poverty. Answer: I agree with the stance taken by the speaker with regards to immigration not being a solution to the problem of global poverty. The primary reason for supporting the stance stems from the fact that the global poor who earn less than $2 a day and reside in nations that do not have strong social security arrangements in place, do not have a chance to migrate to USA and alter their economic situation. The 1 million legal immigrants that do migrate from the poor countries to the US are the ones that have a better education and are much better off compared to these people. As a result, immigration to US and other rich countries does not provide a solution to the global poverty issue. This is primarily because immigration as a choice is not available to the poor people who lack skills and knowledge as these would act as a burden to the US infrastructure without adding to the output. Immigration on the other hand aggravates the global poverty issue since it results in brain drain and thus s trips these poor nations of the talented individuals who eventually may bring change into these societies. Further, increasing the immigrants into US would not provide solution to global poverty since the global poor are growing at a higher rate and it is impossible to accommodate these numbers into US. Thus, it is imperative that instead of looking as immigration as a solution, we need to approach these people in their countries of residence to make a tangible difference.